Appendix 4.1 contains tables showing the Expenditure on Forestry and Wild life in India at the State level.
Table 4.1 (A) shows the Planned and Non-planned Revenue Expenditure of the states of India on Forestry and Wild life from 1977 to 1999.
Table 4.1 (B) shows the Planned and Non-planned Capital Expenditure of the States of India on Forestry and Wild life from 1977 to 1999.
Statewise Capital Expenditure on Forestry and Wild Life in India
( Rs. in Lakhs at current price)
|
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE |
|
Sl.No. |
Year |
1977 |
1977 |
1977 |
1978 |
1978 |
1978 |
1979 |
1979 |
1979 |
1980 |
1980 |
1980 |
|
Name of State |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
|
1 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
|
|
35 |
|
35 |
21 |
2 |
23 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
Assam |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Bihar |
24 |
|
24 |
15 |
|
15 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
26 |
|
4 |
Gujarat |
398 |
51 |
449 |
487 |
61 |
548 |
610 |
26 |
636 |
1037 |
19 |
1056 |
|
5 |
Haryana |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Himachal Pradesh |
87 |
|
87 |
25 |
|
25 |
45 |
|
45 |
30 |
|
30 |
|
7 |
Jammu& Kashmir |
13 |
|
13 |
17 |
|
17 |
9 |
|
9 |
6 |
|
6 |
|
8 |
Karnataka |
20 |
|
20 |
38 |
22 |
60 |
58 |
|
58 |
32 |
|
32 |
|
9 |
Kerala |
103 |
|
103 |
98 |
|
98 |
125 |
|
125 |
142 |
|
142 |
|
10 |
Madhya Pradesh |
109 |
3 |
112 |
147 |
78 |
225 |
248 |
428 |
676 |
369 |
120 |
489 |
|
11 |
Maharastra |
261 |
4 |
265 |
493 |
5 |
498 |
191 |
19 |
210 |
153 |
13 |
166 |
|
12 |
Manipur |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Meghalaya |
|
-5 |
-5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Nagaland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63 |
63 |
|
15 |
Orissa |
31 |
284 |
315 |
47 |
|
47 |
46 |
|
46 |
64 |
|
64 |
|
16 |
Punjab |
9 |
|
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Rajasthan |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
Sikkim |
|
16 |
16 |
|
50 |
50 |
|
|
|
|
31 |
31 |
|
19 |
Tamil Nadu |
278 |
6 |
284 |
493 |
5 |
498 |
509 |
17 |
526 |
596 |
|
596 |
|
20 |
Tripura |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Uttar Pradesh |
92 |
|
92 |
-5 |
-1 |
-6 |
-1 |
-1 |
-2 |
|
|
|
|
22 |
West Bengal |
25 |
|
25 |
25 |
-1 |
24 |
35 |
|
35 |
50 |
|
50 |
|
Total |
1450 |
359 |
1809 |
1915 |
219 |
2134 |
1896 |
491 |
2387 |
2505 |
246 |
2751 |
Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission
|
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE( Rs. In Lakhs at current price) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sl.No. |
Year |
1981 |
1981 |
1981 |
1982 |
1982 |
1982 |
1983 |
1983 |
1983 |
1984 |
1984 |
1984 |
1985 |
1985 |
1985 |
|
Name of State |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
|
1 |
Andhra Pradesh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
278 |
|
278 |
|
2 |
Assam |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Bihar |
5 |
|
5 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
549 |
|
549 |
|
4 |
Gujarat |
1286 |
27 |
1313 |
1699 |
48 |
1747 |
1981 |
68 |
2049 |
|
|
|
2211 |
83 |
2294 |
|
5 |
Haryana |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Himachal Pradesh |
43 |
|
43 |
64 |
|
64 |
64 |
|
64 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Jammu& Kashmir |
24 |
402 |
426 |
25 |
|
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
Karnataka |
50 |
|
50 |
56 |
|
56 |
110 |
|
110 |
|
|
|
30 |
15 |
45 |
|
9 |
Kerala |
152 |
14 |
166 |
137 |
|
137 |
231 |
|
231 |
|
|
|
379 |
|
379 |
|
10 |
Madhya Pradesh |
114 |
|
114 |
205 |
3 |
208 |
276 |
2 |
278 |
|
|
|
57 |
17 |
74 |
|
11 |
Maharastra |
658 |
|
658 |
892 |
|
892 |
795 |
|
795 |
|
|
|
828 |
36 |
864 |
|
12 |
Manipur |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Meghalaya |
|
|
|
5 |
|
5 |
6 |
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Nagaland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
Orissa |
66 |
|
66 |
58 |
|
58 |
37 |
|
37 |
|
|
|
65 |
405 |
470 |
|
16 |
Punjab |
|
|
|
2 |
|
2 |
20 |
|
20 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
9 |
|
17 |
Rajasthan |
3 |
|
3 |
2 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
12 |
|
18 |
Sikkim |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
Tamil Nadu |
748 |
34 |
782 |
1310 |
26 |
1336 |
1594 |
23 |
1617 |
|
|
|
1433 |
14 |
1447 |
|
20 |
Tripura |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
|
|
|
-3 |
-3 |
30 |
-1 |
29 |
|
|
|
|
18 |
18 |
|
22 |
West Bengal |
40 |
|
40 |
20 |
|
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
25 |
|
25 |
|
Total |
3189 |
477 |
3666 |
4475 |
74 |
4549 |
5146 |
92 |
5238 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5876 |
588 |
6464 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE( Rs. In Lakhs at current price) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sl.No. |
Year |
1986 |
1986 |
1986 |
1987 |
1987 |
1987 |
1988 |
1988 |
1988 |
1989 |
1989 |
1989 |
1990 |
1990 |
1990 |
|
Name of State |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
|
1 |
Andhra Pradesh |
367 |
|
367 |
273 |
|
273 |
258 |
|
258 |
136 |
|
136 |
100 |
|
100 |
|
2 |
Assam |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Bihar |
50 |
|
50 |
215 |
|
215 |
56 |
|
56 |
537 |
|
537 |
50 |
|
50 |
|
4 |
Gujarat |
2117 |
310 |
2427 |
2266 |
229 |
2495 |
2811 |
322 |
3133 |
3522 |
366 |
3888 |
3285 |
1929 |
5214 |
|
5 |
Haryana |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Himachal Pradesh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Jammu& Kashmir |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
Karnataka |
18 |
|
18 |
79 |
|
79 |
82 |
|
82 |
12 |
|
12 |
68 |
|
68 |
|
9 |
Kerala |
53 |
|
53 |
84 |
|
84 |
86 |
|
86 |
261 |
|
261 |
340 |
|
340 |
|
10 |
Madhya Pradesh |
42 |
2 |
44 |
57 |
11 |
68 |
579 |
583 |
1162 |
869 |
47 |
916 |
1413 |
15 |
1428 |
|
11 |
Maharastra |
1086 |
40 |
1126 |
1237 |
26 |
1263 |
1975 |
36 |
2011 |
2031 |
31 |
2062 |
1577 |
38 |
1615 |
|
12 |
Manipur |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Meghalaya |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Nagaland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
Orissa |
171 |
208 |
379 |
149 |
811 |
960 |
252 |
-681 |
-429 |
239 |
337 |
576 |
456 |
-335 |
121 |
|
16 |
Punjab |
15 |
|
15 |
11 |
|
11 |
11 |
|
11 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Rajasthan |
4 |
|
4 |
3 |
|
3 |
7 |
|
7 |
-1 |
|
-1 |
5 |
|
5 |
|
18 |
Sikkim |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
Tamil Nadu |
1570 |
4 |
1574 |
1667 |
3 |
1670 |
1883 |
2 |
1885 |
2103 |
2 |
2105 |
2247 |
2 |
2249 |
|
20 |
Tripura |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
10 |
10 |
|
22 |
22 |
|
21 |
21 |
|
113 |
113 |
|
140 |
140 |
|
22 |
West Bengal |
25 |
|
25 |
30 |
|
30 |
20 |
|
20 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
25 |
|
Total |
5518 |
574 |
6092 |
6071 |
1102 |
7173 |
8020 |
283 |
8303 |
9709 |
896 |
10605 |
9566 |
1789 |
11355 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE( Rs. In Lakhs at current price) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sl.No. |
Year |
1991 |
1991 |
1991 |
1992 |
1992 |
1992 |
1993 |
1993 |
1993 |
1994 |
1994 |
1994 |
1995 |
1995 |
1995 |
|
Name of State |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
|
1 |
Andhra Pradesh |
90 |
|
90 |
395 |
|
395 |
328 |
|
328 |
140 |
2 |
142 |
20 |
|
20 |
|
2 |
Assam |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Bihar |
50 |
|
50 |
50 |
|
50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Gujarat |
4819 |
794 |
5613 |
5206 |
706 |
5912 |
4818 |
618 |
5436 |
5302 |
596 |
5898 |
6904 |
522 |
7426 |
|
5 |
Haryana |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Himachal Pradesh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Jammu& Kashmir |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
Karnataka |
32 |
|
32 |
81 |
|
81 |
66 |
|
66 |
321 |
|
321 |
177 |
|
177 |
|
9 |
Kerala |
473 |
|
473 |
1178 |
|
1178 |
618 |
|
618 |
734 |
|
734 |
625 |
16 |
641 |
|
10 |
Madhya Pradesh |
1166 |
52 |
1218 |
168 |
|
168 |
601 |
|
601 |
165 |
|
165 |
400 |
|
400 |
|
11 |
Maharastra |
2197 |
22 |
2219 |
1625 |
15 |
1640 |
1705 |
35 |
1740 |
2266 |
9 |
2275 |
2661 |
8 |
2669 |
|
12 |
Manipur |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Meghalaya |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Nagaland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
Orissa |
580 |
|
580 |
287 |
226 |
513 |
1666 |
155 |
1821 |
174 |
755 |
929 |
353 |
825 |
1178 |
|
16 |
Punjab |
|
-9463 |
-9463 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Rajasthan |
17 |
|
17 |
18 |
|
18 |
5 |
|
5 |
8 |
|
8 |
6398 |
|
6398 |
|
18 |
Sikkim |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
Tamil Nadu |
2530 |
|
2530 |
3117 |
|
3117 |
3141 |
|
3141 |
3224 |
|
3224 |
3219 |
|
3219 |
|
20 |
Tripura |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Uttar Pradesh |
|
12 |
12 |
|
7 |
7 |
|
12 |
12 |
|
12 |
12 |
|
13 |
13 |
|
22 |
West Bengal |
32 |
|
32 |
13 |
|
13 |
25 |
|
25 |
25 |
|
25 |
5 |
|
5 |
|
Total |
11986 |
-8583 |
3403 |
12138 |
954 |
13092 |
12973 |
820 |
13793 |
12359 |
1374 |
13733 |
20762 |
1384 |
22146 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE( Rs. In Lakhs at current price) |
|
|
|
|
|
Sl.No. |
Year |
1996 |
1996 |
1996 |
1997 |
1997 |
1997 |
1998 |
1998 |
1998 |
1999 |
1999 |
1999 |
|
Name of State |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
Plan |
Non-plan |
Total |
|
1 |
Andhra Pradesh |
198 |
|
198 |
119 |
-126 |
-7 |
342 |
|
342 |
154 |
|
154 |
|
2 |
Assam |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
Bihar |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
Gujarat |
10917 |
453 |
11370 |
13806 |
322 |
14128 |
16298 |
544 |
16842 |
18474 |
388 |
18862 |
|
5 |
Haryana |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 |
Himachal Pradesh |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
Jammu& Kashmir |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
Karnataka |
177 |
|
177 |
189 |
|
189 |
125 |
|
125 |
54 |
|
54 |
|
9 |
Kerala |
659 |
|
659 |
560 |
|
560 |
600 |
|
600 |
665 |
50 |
715 |
|
10 |
Madhya Pradesh |
2048 |
|
2048 |
1949 |
|
1949 |
3208 |
|
3208 |
2259 |
|
2259 |
|
11 |
Maharastra |
3240 |
|
3240 |
2097 |
|
2097 |
2076 |
|
2076 |
2192 |
|
2192 |
|
12 |
Manipur |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
Meghalaya |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
14 |
Nagaland |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
Orissa |
1674 |
|
1674 |
194 |
972 |
1166 |
227 |
|
227 |
1607 |
-9 |
1598 |
|
16 |
Punjab |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
17 |
Rajasthan |
6105 |
|
6105 |
6114 |
|
6114 |
7206 |
|
7206 |
10884 |
|
10884 |
|
18 |
Sikkim |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
Tamil Nadu |
3642 |
|
3642 |
5208 |
|
5208 |
10024 |
|
10024 |
9055 |
|
9055 |
|
20 |
Tripura |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
Uttar Pradesh |
100 |
9 |
109 |
-760 |
15 |
-745 |
|
-2 |
-2 |
|
-2 |
-2 |
|
22 |
West Bengal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28760 |
462 |
29222 |
29476 |
1183 |
30659 |
40106 |
542 |
40648 |
45344 |
427 |
45771 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Appendix 4.2
|
Main expenses |
1999-2000
Actual expenses |
2000-2001
Revised estimates |
| |
Funds in Rs lakhs. |
% expenses of total |
Funds in Rs lakhs. |
% expenses of total |
|
Royalty |
71149.42 |
59.45 |
5073.155 |
48.16 |
|
Administrative costs |
2042.363 |
17.06 |
2386.726 |
22.66 |
|
Expenses for production |
2720.824 |
22.73 |
2978.635 |
28.28 |
|
Sale and distribution expenses |
91.883 |
0.76 |
94.447 |
0.90 |
|
Management Expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
Forest Development and expenses on other schemes |
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
11974.490 |
100 |
10532.963 |
100 |
The appendix gives the format for costs incurred by State Forest Corporations for Timber extraction.
Table 4.2 (A) Total Expenses: and disaggregated accounts
From the above table we get that production overhead expense covers about 22 to 28 % of the total expenses in the Forest Corporation of Uttaranchal.
The other set of tables available deals with the all the expenses incurred by the Forest Corporation for production and distribution up to forest gates.
Table 4.2 (B) Transportation costs up to forest gate.
Actual expenses incurred for production and transportation of Timber by the Uttaranchal Forest Corporation in the year 1999-2000.
(Unit: Rupees lakhs)
|
Description |
Unit of measurement |
Quantity |
Rate |
Amount |
Percentage of total expense |
|
1.Head loads |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.1 Conifers |
Meter cubes |
78779 |
415.36 |
327.215 |
|
|
1.2 Sal |
Meter cubes |
61679 |
154.21 |
95.116 |
|
|
1.3 Eucalyptus |
Meter cubes |
58526 |
9.98 |
5.840 |
|
|
Total |
|
198984 |
|
428.171 |
36.01 |
|
2. Carried by animals (Conifers) |
Meter cubes |
32258 |
190.84 |
61.560 |
|
|
Total |
|
32258 |
190.84 |
61.560 |
5.17 |
|
3.Rope ways transport Conifers |
Meter cubes |
2420 |
30.25 |
0.732 |
|
|
Total |
|
2420 |
|
0.732 |
0.061 |
|
4. Canal transport of Conifers |
Meter cubes |
10852 |
85.98 |
9.331 |
|
|
Total |
|
10852 |
|
9.331 |
0.78 |
|
5.Road construction |
Meter cubes |
290 |
99.66 |
0.289 |
|
|
Total |
|
290 |
|
0.289 |
0.02 |
|
6.River transport |
Meter cubes |
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.Road transport |
Meter cubes |
|
|
|
|
|
Truck transport |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7.1Conifers |
Meter cubes |
48505 |
294.87 |
143.026 |
|
|
7.2 Sal |
Meter cubes |
125990 |
210.14 |
264.761 |
|
|
7.3 Eucalyptus |
Meter cubes |
109109 |
128.77 |
141.525 |
|
|
7.4Fuel wood |
Meter cubes |
99982 |
97.99 |
97.969 |
|
|
7.5 Roots |
Not specified |
101867 |
37.11 |
37.805 |
|
|
7.6 Coal |
Quintals |
6.412 |
59.64 |
3.824 |
|
|
7.7 Bamboo |
Bundles |
108 |
14.81 |
0.016 |
|
|
7.8 Bhabar Grass |
Bundle |
|
|
|
|
|
7.9 Fuel wood transferred to Depot |
Meter cubes |
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
485567.4 |
|
688.926 |
57.94 |
|
Total of transport costs. |
|
|
|
1189.009 |
100 |
Source: Uttaranchal Forest Corporation.
Appendix 4.3
Case Study by Phillip Thomas (1996) "Collection and Marketing of Non-timber Forest Products by the Kerala Girijans", Ed. M P Shiva, Centre for Minor forest products Dehra Dun. This case study brings out the components of private cost involved in NTFP collection and provides an estimate of the percentage of private costs to total value of NTFP evaluated at forest gate prices.
The study looks into the tribal community of Girijans in trichur and some neighboring districts in Kerala. The Girijans are a tribal group in the Trichur district of Kerala and almost 80% of the total population is member of the Girijan Service Co-Operative Society (GSCS), which mainly engages itself in NTFP collection.
The total Forest area in Trichur according to Forest Survey of India report (1999) is 880 sq. km. The collection of NTFP is done through the GSCS as well as individuals in Thrichur, however it is dominated by the GSCS.
As a measure of Opportunity cost it was surveyed that 60% of the community men owned less than 1 acre of agricultural land however the agricultural wages for the district is as high as Rs. 67.5 (Agricultural wages in India, 1994-95). While 68% of the people were engaged in agricultural work only 32% were engage in collection of NTFP. However it was also noted that 84% of the people has more than one subsidiary occupation. The collectors are said to spend around 57% of the days in a year for effective collection of NTFP that amounts to 208 days while a total of 267 days could be considered for collection. The average distance that the collectors had to walk is about 11.2 kms.
The study points out that the average income of the tribals who collect NTFP only is in the range of Rs. 8035 to Rs. 3836. Which gives us a rough average of Rs. 5935.5. And given that these people spend only about 267 days in collection the average daily wage comes out to be Rs. 22.23 for the days in which the person is engaged in NTFP collection while the rest of the days he may earn nothing or may earn something provided he has a subsidiary occupation. The number of people having such occupation is 84%. And that is the reason why the average income of the households in Girijan community comes to be Rs. 7491. But for 16% people the per capita income per day will be as low as Rs. 16.23. We can easily find out that it differs markedly from the per day wage in agriculture which is Rs. 67.5. So for Kerala at least multiplying the man days spent in NTFP collection with the agricultural wages will inflate the collection costs by 315% at the maximum and 203% in the minimum. We obtained about 50% of total revenue from NTFP as labour charges and we can say that the actual figures will be much lower than that. For India we used an average wage of about Rs. 42.88 and if we take the average wage for NTFP collectors in Kerala at Rs. 19.23 we will get 22.46% of collection charges that can be attributed to labour.
This was just a rough estimate to show the divergence between the agricultural wages and the estimated wages for the NTFP collectors. The wages paid is definitely low and such an argument is reinforced by looking at the fact that in Kerala the tribals have to walk around 11 kms. on an average to collect NTFP. But again the NTFPs for which revenue data is available are very small in number as compared to the 117 items (including medicinal herbs and non-medicinal NTFPs) collected only in the Trichur district of Kerala.