Appendix to chapter 4

Appendix 4.1

Appendix 4.1 contains tables showing the Expenditure on Forestry and Wild life in India at the State level.

Table 4.1 (A) shows the Planned and Non-planned Revenue Expenditure of the states of India on Forestry and Wild life from 1977 to 1999.

Table 4.1 (B) shows the Planned and Non-planned Capital Expenditure of the States of India on Forestry and Wild life from 1977 to 1999.

Year

1977

1977

1977

1978

1978

1978

1979

1979

1979

1980

1980

1980

Sl.No

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

167

1054

1221

266

1164

1430

113

1279

1392

161

1401

1562

2

Assam

237

570

807

385

297

682

368

409

777

679

522

1201

3

Bihar

254

536

790

372

566

938

310

709

1019

488

691

1179

4

Gujarat

14

54

68

18

47

65

180

274

454

188

310

498

5

Haryana

141

93

234

142

133

275

160

196

356

202

375

577

6

Himachal Pradesh

337

455

792

424

425

849

428

501

929

422

675

1097

7

Jammu& Kashmir

105

776

881

141

1206

1347

126

833

959

184

929

1113

8

Karnataka

242

1089

1331

439

1204

1643

461

1617

2078

476

1697

2173

9

Kerala

51

614

665

108

685

793

126

748

874

161

912

1073

10

Madhya Pradesh

230

5811

6041

375

6225

6600

600

7820

8420

1083

7897

8980

11

Maharastra

115

2597

2712

132

2144

2276

173

2303

2476

118

2656

2774

12

Manipur

80

20

100

123

22

145

92

35

127

82

41

123

13

Meghalaya

54

95

149

58

43

101

81

66

147

86

91

177

14

Nagaland

111

38

149

206

53

259

92

72

164

98

87

185

15

Orissa

159

417

576

349

454

803

417

552

969

419

587

1006

16

Punjab

221

145

366

201

188

389

215

197

412

321

208

529

17

Rajasthan

138

647

785

2315

489

2804

281

784

1065

348

857

1205

18

Sikkim

57

50

107

88

59

147

85

70

155

92

75

167

19

Tamil Nadu

29

419

448

52

431

483

16

63

79

81

611

692

20

Tripura

67

61

128

87

63

150

118

78

196

147

95

242

21

Uttar Pradesh

384

451

835

483

483

966

649

596

1245

1032

482

1514

22

West Bengal

138

451

589

260

541

801

317

607

924

413

602

1015

Total

3331

16443

19774

7024

16922

23946

5408

19809

25217

7281

21801

29082

Table 4.1 (A) Statewise Revenue Expenditure on Forestry and Wild Life in India ( Rs. in Lakhs at current price)

Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission

Statewise Revenue Expenditure on Forestry and Wild Life in India ( Rs. in Lakhs at current price)

Year

1981

1981

1981

1982

1982

1982

1983

1983

1983

1984

1984

1984

1985

1985

1985

Sl.No

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

314

1618

1932

0

617

1848

2465

1234

2446

3680

2

Assam

716

470

1186

858

709

1567

1171

903

2074

3

Bihar

567

1120

1687

739

1267

2006

108

29

137

1288

1502

2790

4

Gujarat

198

336

534

261

382

643

299

466

765

428

714

1142

5

Haryana

408

323

731

381

266

647

603

252

855

1136

479

1615

6

Himachal Pradesh

504

650

1154

798

729

1527

809

799

1608

7

Jammu& Kashmir

135

987

1122

211

940

1151

378

1228

1606

8

Karnataka

4200

572

4772

697

2244

2941

939

2348

3287

1448

3522

4970

9

Kerala

148

1092

1240

163

1127

1290

373

1055

1428

912

1257

2169

10

Madhya Pradesh

889

9025

9914

1513

10685

12198

1847

12812

14659

2960

15547

18507

11

Maharastra

2494

129

2623

494

3461

3955

870

3710

4580

2962

3407

6369

12

Manipur

94

43

137

97

50

147

145

71

216

13

Meghalaya

85

240

325

115

522

637

114

341

455

14

Nagaland

145

96

241

181

117

298

246

149

395

15

Orissa

342

623

965

364

778

1142

705

797

1502

912

1035

1947

16

Punjab

378

182

560

527

206

733

766

217

983

870

260

1130

17

Rajasthan

521

1015

1536

431

1105

1536

674

1155

1829

879

1249

2128

18

Sikkim

105

79

184

115

89

204

145

119

264

19

Tamil Nadu

203

669

872

284

710

994

296

826

1122

352

904

1256

20

Tripura

208

110

318

221

123

344

230

166

396

21

Uttar Pradesh

1434

1502

2936

1313

1608

2921

1639

1885

3524

1876

2242

4118

22

West Bengal

520

771

1291

615

893

1508

789

960

1749

970

1295

2265

Total

14608

21652

36260

10378

28011

38389

13763

32136

45899

0

18227

35859

54086

Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission

Statewise Revenue Expenditure on Forestry and Wild Life in India ( Rs. in Lakhs at current price)

Year

1986

1986

1986

1987

1987

1987

1988

1988

1988

1989

1989

1989

1990

1990

1990

Sl.

No.

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

1630

2767

4397

1702

3650

5352

1467

3113

4580

1607

3274

4881

1737

3888

5625

2

Assam

3

Bihar

1291

1690

2981

1291

1699

2990

1653

1812

3465

1883

2397

4280

2757

2981

5738

4

Gujarat

1025

815

1840

1089

934

2023

1393

1259

2652

589

1586

2175

627

1802

2429

5

Haryana

1254

407

1661

1254

407

1661

1447

567

2014

1719

1298

3017

3407

680

4087

6

Himachal Pradesh

7

Jammu& Kashmir

8

Karnataka

1701

3706

5407

1769

4389

6158

1751

4623

6374

2195

5306

7501

2596

5332

7928

9

Kerala

1277

1473

2750

1250

1339

2589

1284

1299

2583

1142

1391

2533

1426

1668

3094

10

Madhya Pradesh

3889

17428

21317

4172

19021

23193

4119

20966

25085

3575

20004

23579

3593

20253

23846

11

Maharastra

1246

5899

7145

1398

6292

7690

1901

7733

9634

1901

7733

9634

2144

9789

11933

12

Manipur

13

Meghalaya

14

Nagaland

15

Orissa

1278

1224

2502

2127

1359

3486

2051

1483

3534

2288

1495

3783

2862

1583

4445

16

Punjab

952

263

1215

1067

315

1382

1105

406

1511

1003

541

1544

514

797

1311

17

Rajasthan

1434

1259

2693

2617

1583

4200

1850

1625

3475

1930

1807

3737

3025

2067

5092

18

Sikkim

19

Tamil Nadu

411

977

1388

1148

1083

2231

637

1164

1801

959

1373

2332

1008

1934

2942

20

Tripura

21

Uttar Pradesh

2637

2322

4959

3187

2632

5819

4059

2846

6905

4563

3822

8385

5920

3973

9893

22

West Bengal

1106

1431

2537

1189

1624

2813

1503

1930

3433

1933

2438

4371

2352

3004

5356

Total

21131

41661

62792

25260

46327

71587

26220

50826

77046

27287

54465

81752

33968

59751

93719

Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission

Statewise Revenue Expenditure on Forestry and Wild Life in India ( Rs. in Lakhs at current price)

Year

1996

1996

1996

1997

1997

1997

1998

1998

1998

1999

1999

1999

Sl.No.

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

5867

7213

13080

8523

7945

16468

10317

8452

18769

10622

10047

20669

2

Assam

3

Bihar

6738

221

6959

934

5300

6234

2298

7868

10166

7233

9575

16808

4

Gujarat

696

6837

7533

1002

7931

8933

1240

10379

11619

1747

8851

10598

5

Haryana

3716

1388

5104

3505

1792

5297

4115

2442

6557

4469

2081

6550

6

Himachal Pradesh

7

Jammu& Kashmir

8

Karnataka

5234

11477

16711

8696

11833

20529

14937

13716

28653

14836

15470

30306

9

Kerala

2543

6161

8704

2928

5029

7957

5740

6373

12113

8335

7649

15984

10

Madhya Pradesh

8136

40191

48327

8479

40824

49303

11014

54313

65327

14148

47123

61271

11

Maharastra

9396

18872

28268

9360

19926

29286

9368

19918

29286

12250

23925

36175

12

Manipur

13

Meghalaya

14

Nagaland

15

Orissa

2150

3499

5649

1715

3675

5390

4009

5159

9168

3372

4578

7950

16

Punjab

961

912

1873

540

1594

2134

5772

2107

7879

7185

1824

9009

17

Rajasthan

3115

4336

7451

3590

4665

8255

5146

6507

11653

6726

6471

13197

18

Sikkim

19

Tamil Nadu

1793

3636

5429

1973

4173

6146

3245

5261

8506

2989

5555

8544

20

Tripura

21

Uttar Pradesh

5884

6987

12871

4858

11610

16468

5692

12709

18401

7446

15156

22602

22

West Bengal

5076

5077

10153

3292

6454

9746

4114

10383

14497

7981

8637

16618

Total

61305

116807

2E+05

59395

132751

192146

87007

165587

3E+05

1E+05

166942

276281

Table 4.1 (B) Statewise Capital Expenditure on Forestry and Wild Life in India

( Rs. in Lakhs at current price)

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE

Sl.No.

Year

1977

1977

1977

1978

1978

1978

1979

1979

1979

1980

1980

1980

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

35

35

21

2

23

2

Assam

3

Bihar

24

24

15

15

26

26

4

Gujarat

398

51

449

487

61

548

610

26

636

1037

19

1056

5

Haryana

6

Himachal Pradesh

87

87

25

25

45

45

30

30

7

Jammu& Kashmir

13

13

17

17

9

9

6

6

8

Karnataka

20

20

38

22

60

58

58

32

32

9

Kerala

103

103

98

98

125

125

142

142

10

Madhya Pradesh

109

3

112

147

78

225

248

428

676

369

120

489

11

Maharastra

261

4

265

493

5

498

191

19

210

153

13

166

12

Manipur

13

Meghalaya

-5

-5

14

Nagaland

63

63

15

Orissa

31

284

315

47

47

46

46

64

64

16

Punjab

9

9

17

Rajasthan

18

Sikkim

16

16

50

50

31

31

19

Tamil Nadu

278

6

284

493

5

498

509

17

526

596

596

20

Tripura

21

Uttar Pradesh

92

92

-5

-1

-6

-1

-1

-2

22

West Bengal

25

25

25

-1

24

35

35

50

50

Total

1450

359

1809

1915

219

2134

1896

491

2387

2505

246

2751

Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE( Rs. In Lakhs at current price)

Sl.No.

Year

1981

1981

1981

1982

1982

1982

1983

1983

1983

1984

1984

1984

1985

1985

1985

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

278

278

2

Assam

3

Bihar

5

5

2

2

549

549

4

Gujarat

1286

27

1313

1699

48

1747

1981

68

2049

2211

83

2294

5

Haryana

6

Himachal Pradesh

43

43

64

64

64

64

7

Jammu& Kashmir

24

402

426

25

25

8

Karnataka

50

50

56

56

110

110

30

15

45

9

Kerala

152

14

166

137

137

231

231

379

379

10

Madhya Pradesh

114

114

205

3

208

276

2

278

57

17

74

11

Maharastra

658

658

892

892

795

795

828

36

864

12

Manipur

13

Meghalaya

5

5

6

6

14

Nagaland

15

Orissa

66

66

58

58

37

37

65

405

470

16

Punjab

2

2

20

20

9

9

17

Rajasthan

3

3

2

2

12

12

18

Sikkim

19

Tamil Nadu

748

34

782

1310

26

1336

1594

23

1617

1433

14

1447

20

Tripura

21

Uttar Pradesh

-3

-3

30

-1

29

18

18

22

West Bengal

40

40

20

20

25

25

Total

3189

477

3666

4475

74

4549

5146

92

5238

0

0

0

5876

588

6464

Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE( Rs. In Lakhs at current price)

Sl.No.

Year

1986

1986

1986

1987

1987

1987

1988

1988

1988

1989

1989

1989

1990

1990

1990

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

367

367

273

273

258

258

136

136

100

100

2

Assam

3

Bihar

50

50

215

215

56

56

537

537

50

50

4

Gujarat

2117

310

2427

2266

229

2495

2811

322

3133

3522

366

3888

3285

1929

5214

5

Haryana

6

Himachal Pradesh

7

Jammu& Kashmir

8

Karnataka

18

18

79

79

82

82

12

12

68

68

9

Kerala

53

53

84

84

86

86

261

261

340

340

10

Madhya Pradesh

42

2

44

57

11

68

579

583

1162

869

47

916

1413

15

1428

11

Maharastra

1086

40

1126

1237

26

1263

1975

36

2011

2031

31

2062

1577

38

1615

12

Manipur

13

Meghalaya

14

Nagaland

15

Orissa

171

208

379

149

811

960

252

-681

-429

239

337

576

456

-335

121

16

Punjab

15

15

11

11

11

11

17

Rajasthan

4

4

3

3

7

7

-1

-1

5

5

18

Sikkim

19

Tamil Nadu

1570

4

1574

1667

3

1670

1883

2

1885

2103

2

2105

2247

2

2249

20

Tripura

21

Uttar Pradesh

10

10

22

22

21

21

113

113

140

140

22

West Bengal

25

25

30

30

20

20

25

25

Total

5518

574

6092

6071

1102

7173

8020

283

8303

9709

896

10605

9566

1789

11355

Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE( Rs. In Lakhs at current price)

Sl.No.

Year

1991

1991

1991

1992

1992

1992

1993

1993

1993

1994

1994

1994

1995

1995

1995

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

90

90

395

395

328

328

140

2

142

20

20

2

Assam

3

Bihar

50

50

50

50

4

Gujarat

4819

794

5613

5206

706

5912

4818

618

5436

5302

596

5898

6904

522

7426

5

Haryana

6

Himachal Pradesh

7

Jammu& Kashmir

8

Karnataka

32

32

81

81

66

66

321

321

177

177

9

Kerala

473

473

1178

1178

618

618

734

734

625

16

641

10

Madhya Pradesh

1166

52

1218

168

168

601

601

165

165

400

400

11

Maharastra

2197

22

2219

1625

15

1640

1705

35

1740

2266

9

2275

2661

8

2669

12

Manipur

13

Meghalaya

14

Nagaland

15

Orissa

580

580

287

226

513

1666

155

1821

174

755

929

353

825

1178

16

Punjab

-9463

-9463

17

Rajasthan

17

17

18

18

5

5

8

8

6398

6398

18

Sikkim

19

Tamil Nadu

2530

2530

3117

3117

3141

3141

3224

3224

3219

3219

20

Tripura

21

Uttar Pradesh

12

12

7

7

12

12

12

12

13

13

22

West Bengal

32

32

13

13

25

25

25

25

5

5

Total

11986

-8583

3403

12138

954

13092

12973

820

13793

12359

1374

13733

20762

1384

22146

Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE ON FORESTRY AND WILD LIFE( Rs. In Lakhs at current price)

Sl.No.

Year

1996

1996

1996

1997

1997

1997

1998

1998

1998

1999

1999

1999

Name of State

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

Plan

Non-plan

Total

1

Andhra Pradesh

198

198

119

-126

-7

342

342

154

154

2

Assam

3

Bihar

4

Gujarat

10917

453

11370

13806

322

14128

16298

544

16842

18474

388

18862

5

Haryana

6

Himachal Pradesh

7

Jammu& Kashmir

8

Karnataka

177

177

189

189

125

125

54

54

9

Kerala

659

659

560

560

600

600

665

50

715

10

Madhya Pradesh

2048

2048

1949

1949

3208

3208

2259

2259

11

Maharastra

3240

3240

2097

2097

2076

2076

2192

2192

12

Manipur

13

Meghalaya

14

Nagaland

15

Orissa

1674

1674

194

972

1166

227

227

1607

-9

1598

16

Punjab

17

Rajasthan

6105

6105

6114

6114

7206

7206

10884

10884

18

Sikkim

19

Tamil Nadu

3642

3642

5208

5208

10024

10024

9055

9055

20

Tripura

21

Uttar Pradesh

100

9

109

-760

15

-745

-2

-2

-2

-2

22

West Bengal

Total

28760

462

29222

29476

1183

30659

40106

542

40648

45344

427

45771

Source: Reserve Bank of India and Planning Commission

Appendix 4.2

Main expenses

1999-2000

Actual expenses

2000-2001

Revised estimates

Funds in Rs lakhs.

% expenses of total

Funds in Rs lakhs.

% expenses of total

Royalty

71149.42

59.45

5073.155

48.16

Administrative costs

2042.363

17.06

2386.726

22.66

Expenses for production

2720.824

22.73

2978.635

28.28

Sale and distribution expenses

91.883

0.76

94.447

0.90

Management Expenses

Forest Development and expenses on other schemes

Total

11974.490

100

10532.963

100

The appendix gives the format for costs incurred by State Forest Corporations for Timber extraction.

Table 4.2 (A) Total Expenses: and disaggregated accounts

From the above table we get that production overhead expense covers about 22 to 28 % of the total expenses in the Forest Corporation of Uttaranchal.

The other set of tables available deals with the all the expenses incurred by the Forest Corporation for production and distribution up to forest gates.

Table 4.2 (B) Transportation costs up to forest gate.

Actual expenses incurred for production and transportation of Timber by the Uttaranchal Forest Corporation in the year 1999-2000.

(Unit: Rupees lakhs)

Description

Unit of measurement

Quantity

Rate

Amount

Percentage of total expense

1.Head loads

1.1 Conifers

Meter cubes

78779

415.36

327.215

1.2 Sal

Meter cubes

61679

154.21

95.116

1.3 Eucalyptus

Meter cubes

58526

9.98

5.840

Total

198984

428.171

36.01

2. Carried by animals (Conifers)

Meter cubes

32258

190.84

61.560

Total

32258

190.84

61.560

5.17

3.Rope ways transport Conifers

Meter cubes

2420

30.25

0.732

Total

2420

0.732

0.061

4. Canal transport of Conifers

Meter cubes

10852

85.98

9.331

Total

10852

9.331

0.78

5.Road construction

Meter cubes

290

99.66

0.289

Total

290

0.289

0.02

6.River transport

Meter cubes

Total

7.Road transport

Meter cubes

Truck transport

7.1Conifers

Meter cubes

48505

294.87

143.026

7.2 Sal

Meter cubes

125990

210.14

264.761

7.3 Eucalyptus

Meter cubes

109109

128.77

141.525

7.4Fuel wood

Meter cubes

99982

97.99

97.969

7.5 Roots

Not specified

101867

37.11

37.805

7.6 Coal

Quintals

6.412

59.64

3.824

7.7 Bamboo

Bundles

108

14.81

0.016

7.8 Bhabar Grass

Bundle

7.9 Fuel wood transferred to Depot

Meter cubes

Total

485567.4

688.926

57.94

Total of transport costs.

1189.009

100

Source: Uttaranchal Forest Corporation.

Appendix 4.3

Case Study by Phillip Thomas (1996) "Collection and Marketing of Non-timber Forest Products by the Kerala Girijans", Ed. M P Shiva, Centre for Minor forest products Dehra Dun. This case study brings out the components of private cost involved in NTFP collection and provides an estimate of the percentage of private costs to total value of NTFP evaluated at forest gate prices.

The study looks into the tribal community of Girijans in trichur and some neighboring districts in Kerala. The Girijans are a tribal group in the Trichur district of Kerala and almost 80% of the total population is member of the Girijan Service Co-Operative Society (GSCS), which mainly engages itself in NTFP collection.

The total Forest area in Trichur according to Forest Survey of India report (1999) is 880 sq. km. The collection of NTFP is done through the GSCS as well as individuals in Thrichur, however it is dominated by the GSCS.

As a measure of Opportunity cost it was surveyed that 60% of the community men owned less than 1 acre of agricultural land however the agricultural wages for the district is as high as Rs. 67.5 (Agricultural wages in India, 1994-95). While 68% of the people were engaged in agricultural work only 32% were engage in collection of NTFP. However it was also noted that 84% of the people has more than one subsidiary occupation. The collectors are said to spend around 57% of the days in a year for effective collection of NTFP that amounts to 208 days while a total of 267 days could be considered for collection. The average distance that the collectors had to walk is about 11.2 kms.

The study points out that the average income of the tribals who collect NTFP only is in the range of Rs. 8035 to Rs. 3836. Which gives us a rough average of Rs. 5935.5. And given that these people spend only about 267 days in collection the average daily wage comes out to be Rs. 22.23 for the days in which the person is engaged in NTFP collection while the rest of the days he may earn nothing or may earn something provided he has a subsidiary occupation. The number of people having such occupation is 84%. And that is the reason why the average income of the households in Girijan community comes to be Rs. 7491. But for 16% people the per capita income per day will be as low as Rs. 16.23. We can easily find out that it differs markedly from the per day wage in agriculture which is Rs. 67.5. So for Kerala at least multiplying the man days spent in NTFP collection with the agricultural wages will inflate the collection costs by 315% at the maximum and 203% in the minimum. We obtained about 50% of total revenue from NTFP as labour charges and we can say that the actual figures will be much lower than that. For India we used an average wage of about Rs. 42.88 and if we take the average wage for NTFP collectors in Kerala at Rs. 19.23 we will get 22.46% of collection charges that can be attributed to labour.

This was just a rough estimate to show the divergence between the agricultural wages and the estimated wages for the NTFP collectors. The wages paid is definitely low and such an argument is reinforced by looking at the fact that in Kerala the tribals have to walk around 11 kms. on an average to collect NTFP. But again the NTFPs for which revenue data is available are very small in number as compared to the 117 items (including medicinal herbs and non-medicinal NTFPs) collected only in the Trichur district of Kerala.

715