1. INTRODUCTION
1. Project Rationale

The Governments of India and Australia signed a Memorandum of Understanding on 11 December 1997 for Australian development cooperation assistance to India through the India-Australia Training and Capacity Building Project (IATCB Project).

A Project Design Document (PDD) for the IATCB Project was finalised following a visit to India in March 1997 by an Australian design team. Based on Government of India (GOI) advice during design-related consultations, Coral Reef Conservation and Management was included in the PDD as a possible area for assistance under the IATCB Project. It was acknowledged that specific capacity enhancement requirements exist in this area which could be effectively supported through Australian assistance as Australia possesses extensive experience and resources in the management, conservation and monitoring of coral reefs-related areas. The activity was initiated during the International Year of the Reef in 1997. Implementation of the project has been delayed due to sanctions placed on India in 1998 by the Australian government.

India has made significant advances in both research and management of coral reefs and related areas over the last 4 years. These advances have meant that much of the prescribed areas where capacity was limited in India no longer apply. This Training Needs Analysis Report highlights those advances and identifies key areas where further capacity building is required.

The sub-project goal is to understand and conserve India’s coral reef resources and enable their sustainable utilisation for the benefit of local communities as well as the country at large. The specific aim is to enhance the national and local capacity for integrated coastal monitoring and management of India’s Coral Reef resources as a basis for sustainable use and protection of areas of nationally and globally significant biodiversity. A central theme will be the use of a "train the trainer" approach where appropriate Indian staff are trained to enable transfer of learning gains and skills to other Indian staff.

The sub-project will assist India in developing capacity and skills for coral reef conservation, monitoring and management in conformity with international coral reef initiatives including the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN).

2. Terms of Reference (TNA Visit)

1. STATUS OF INDIA'S CORAL REEFS
1. Introduction

There are 4 main coral reef areas in India: Gulf of Mannar & Palk Bay; Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands; and the Gulf of Kachchh. There is also scattered coral growth along the coast and on submerged banks along the east and west coasts of the mainland. Coral reefs are important economically for the livelihoods and social welfare of coastal communities providing up to 25% of the total catch of fish (Rajasuriya et al. 1999). 80 % of the overall fishing effort (predominantly trawlers) is concentrated in inshore waters and in close proximity to coral reefs. India has 5 designated marine protected areas within 3 of the 4 key coral reef areas: Gulf of Kachchh Marine National Park (400km2); Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (10,500km2); Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park in the Andaman's (282km2); Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (885km2); and the Rani Jansi Marine National Park in Ritchie's Archipelago in Andaman's.

The large coastal populations in areas bordering coral reefs (particularly on the mainland) and resulting pollution, sedimentation, coral mining, over-exploitation of fisheries and destructive fishing practices has resulted in significant overall degradation of India's' coral reefs.

The volume of information presented for each of the following coral reef areas is highly variable, as this reflects the extent of known published and reported quantitative surveys. The proposed training programs under the IATCB Project and others in India will likely result in a reasonably comprehensive series of surveys in all 4 coral reef areas within the next two years.

2. Tamil Nadu, Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay
1. Physical & Biological Status

Coral reefs on the Tamil Nadu coast are located in the Palk Bay near Rameswaram and in the Gulf of Mannar. Mandapam peninsula and Rameswaram Islands separate Palk Bay from the Gulf of Mannar. There is only one fringing reef (20-30km long, 200m wide) in Palk Bay, which lies along the mainland from Pamban channel at the Pamban end of the bridge to Rameswaram Island. Maximum depth of the reef is 6m. Visibility is poor due to heavy siltation and the area is strongly influenced by the northeast monsoon.

The Gulf of Mannar (GoM) reefs occur around 21 offshore islands that lie along 140km of coast between Tuticorin and Rameswaram. All 21 islands lie within the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve established in 1989. The islands are between 500 m to 4km offshore. Reefs are composed of patch reefs and fringing reefs. Fringing reefs are narrow and occur 50-100m from the islands. Patch reefs rise from depths of 2-9m, extend 1-2km in length and 50m in width (Muley et al. 2001). The total reef area is 94.3km2. Monsoons, coral mining and high levels of sedimentation affect visibility.

Due to very high sediment loads, illegal coral mining and over-exploitation, the coral reefs in both Palk Bay and the GoM are in fairly poor condition.

2. Biological Diversity:

The first comprehensive quantitative surveys were conducted by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) during 1998-2000. GoM represents one of the few areas where reasonably comprehensive quantitative surveys of all reef taxa have been conducted. Ninety-six species of hard corals belonging to 37 genera have been recorded (Venkaternaman 2001). Previous reviews cite 117 species of hard corals (Rajasuriya et al. 1999). The most commonly occurring genera are Acropora, Montipora, and Porites. Live coral cover is approximately 24.7%, the remainder is dead coral, rubble, and sand following the 1998 bleaching event. The most heavily impacted areas were those in shallow water. Massive corals now dominate in all three groups of islands, with branching corals almost completely wiped out in the Tuticorin group (branching corals represent only 1-2% cover in the other two island groups). Only patchy coral recruitment has been recorded by the ZSI (Marine Biology Lab, Chennai) in recent surveys. 450 species of fishes have been recorded, 122 of which are from coral reef areas. Fish numbers in all habitats are declining due to over-exploitation and habitat destruction. Extensive sea grass beds are present, however, turtles (Green and Olive Ridley) and dugong are extremely rare due to over exploitation and habitat destruction. The main seaweeds are Gracilaria, Gelidiella, Hypnea, Sarconema, Hydrodathrus, Caulerpa, Sargassum and Turbinaria. Other commercially threatened groups include the crustaceans (24 species of prawn, 106 species of crab, 6 species of lobster), gastropods (178 species recorded) bivalves (156 species recorded) and echinoderms (95 species). Overall, the reefs of the GoM are more luxuriant and richer than the reefs within Palk Bay (Muley et al. 2001).

3. Socio-Economic & Cultural

The following data was summarised from the Tamil Nadu Marine Fisher-folk Census (Tamil Nadu Fisheries Department, 2000). 194,470 fishermen in 591 villages depend on the reefs and surrounding waters of Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar. The fisher-folk population represents approximately 1% of total state population. Approximately 2/3 are literate, 56.8% and 34% are educated to the level of primary and high school, respectively. This represents more than 100% increase in literacy since the 1986 census. 87% of the fishermen are directly engaged in fishing, ~4% in diving, net making, fish trade and other allied activities, only 3% are employed by the Government of India and the private sector. 37,343 fisherwomen are employed in the industry, which represents a 50% increase from the 1986 census. This increase is a result of the increase in gathering of algae from reefs for agar production (M. Ganesan pers. comm.). Average annual income per family is Rs 6,573.

4. Key Areas of Exploitation

1. Gulf Of Kachchh
1. Physical & Biological Status

Fringing reefs in the Gulf occur around 42 islands. None of the islands are inhabited due to the absence of potable water and their close proximity to the coast. The reefs are patchy and subject to high suspended particulate loads, chemical and thermal pollution as a result of extensive industrialization on the coast. The reefs are bordered by a number of trading ports, including oil terminals, petrochemical factories, salt works, and fertilizer production plants.

Due to the high levels of pollution and sedimentation the reefs of Gulf of Kachchh are highly impacted and in poor condition.

2. Biological Diversity

The diversity of corals is far less than all other reefs in India. Only 37 species have been recorded. Reefs are dominated by massives with, no significant numbers of branching forms such as the Acroporas. Reports of bleaching in 1998 vary considerably from anything as high as 70% to much lower estimates (note: much of the data is qualitative). This highlights the need for permanent monitoring sites to provide adequate baseline data (Rajasuriya et al. 1999).

3. Socio-Economic & Cultural

No specific data was available at the time of this report.

4. Key Areas of Exploitation

• The reef fishery is non-existent as it has been totally depleted
• Trawling occurs in amongst the reefs, leading to large-scale habitat degradation
• The pearl oyster fishery is totally depleted
• Despite the abundance of algae on reefs, it is not thought that there is any commercial level harvesting (Dr Wafar pers. comm.).

1. Lakshadweep
1. Physical & Biological Status

Lakshadweep consisting of 12 atolls, 5 submerged banks and 36 islands lies off the central west coast of India. 11 Islands are inhabited with a population of approximately 58,000 (local population is 100% Sunni Muslim), population in most islands has tripled during the last two decades (Koya et al, 2000). Lagoon waters span over 4,200 km²; in contrast the islands constitute only 35km². The archipelago lies 225-450 km west of the Kerala coast and is divided into the northern Amindivi group, the Laccadive group and the isolated Minicoy island in the far south of the chain.

Due to their physical isolation (distance form mainland-based sources of pollutants and fairly small human population) the reefs in the Lakshadweep area are in fairly pristine condition although there were significant impacts from the 1998-bleaching event. No assessment of the condition of the coral reef fish stocks can be made due to lack of empirical data.

2. Biological Diversity

Only 95 hard coral species and 603 fish species (reef & pelagic) have been recorded, but comprehensive biodiversity studies are lacking. The reefs were healthy 2 decades ago, however, continued human interference (e.g. fishing and coral mining) and the severe bleaching event of 1998 have caused severe loss of coral biodiversity. Recovery as of 2000 has not been significant (Koya et al, 2000). Estimates of the loss of coral cover range from 43-87%. Water quality is high around all islands in comparison to the GoM and Gulf of Kachchh.

3. Socio-Economic & Cultural

GCRMN initiated first socio-economic surveys of the islands (Agatti and Kavaratti) in July 2001. The surveys on Kavaratti seem to have stalled, however, good data is being collected on a monthly basis on Agatti. The data includes the number of fisher-folk using different fishing techniques and partaking in related coral reef activities. For example, shark fishing, bait fishing, hand-line, bala fadal (drag net in lagoon), and collecting coral shingle. Preliminary data indicates that a significant percentage of time is spent collecting coral shingle for construction purposes, during the rest of the monsoon period high fishing pressure occurs in the lagoon and on the sheltered backreefs. Key source of income, however, is from the pelagic tuna fishery. Estimates of average earnings per month were not available.

4. Key Areas of Exploitation

• Offshore pelagic tuna fishery is the key fishery, fish are captured using baited lures. Spratelloides sp. are used as the live bait, fish are harvested from the lagoon using bala fadal, and boat and shore seines.
• Sharks (primarily shark fins) until recently formed the second major fishery, the capture of sharks were totally banned in mid 2001 (Dr Wafar pers. com.).
• Reef fishery is non-commercial at present, and primarily targeted as a sustenance fishery during the monsoon. In recent times local people have noticed a drop in fish catch in the lagoon fishery, which includes reef fish species and baitfish. This may be due to a drop in live coral cover, or increased harvesting due to population increase on the islands. This is of significant concern given that the tuna fishery (dependant on baitfish supply) is the mainstay of the local people.
• Tourism is slowly developing, but provides little income for the local community
• Coir production (making of rope from coconut fiber), is the dominant land-based activity

1. Andaman & Nicobar Islands
1. Physical & Biological Status

The Andaman & Nicobar group of islands are located SE in the Bay of Bengal. Only 38 of the 530 islands are inhabited. Population of 356,265 is concentrated mainly on North Andaman, Middle Andaman & Ritchie's archipelago to the east, South Andaman, Little Andaman, Baratang and Rutland Island. Coral reefs are predominantly fringing reefs and are some of the richest in India. In these island groups are 3 Marine National Parks (Mahatma Gandhi & Rani Jhansi Marine National Parks and the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve). Effective surveillance in the marine parks is limited.

As in the Lakshadweep area, the reefs around the Andaman & Nicobar Islands are in fairly good condition compared to the GoM and Gulf of Kachchh reefs. However, there are issues of concern such as the developing Live Reef Fish Trade, which will have significant long-term impacts on the reefs if not properly managed. India runs the risk of having its' reef fin fish fisheries rapidly depleted due to high Asian market demand similarly to Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia. A second area of concern is localized heavy siltation, which is causing widespread coral bleaching/mortality. This has primarily been recorded in the Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Port Blair and Little Andaman. Coral mortality at the latter location was probably due to the oil pal plantation (Venkataraman and Alfred, 2001).

2. Biological Diversity

203 coral species 120 species of algae, 70 species of sponge, 1200 species of fish (571 species of reef fish), 8 species of shark, dugong, dolphins, and sea turtles have been recorded (Rajasuriya et al 1999). Dugong is very rare due to over-exploitation, however, turtles still nest in significant numbers. The 1998 bleaching event had least impact on the Andaman & Nicobar Islands compared to the other 3 coral reef areas. Recent surveys indicate live coral cover in the range of 56%.

3. Socio-Economic & Cultural

The Andaman & Nicobar Islands' indigenous peoples constitute <10% of the population. The Onge, Sentinelese, Andamanese, and Jarawa are all residents of the Andaman Islands. The Shompen and Nicobarese occupy the Nicobar Islands. All but the Nicobarese are declining and face extinction. The Nicobarese strongly resist the development of tourism and commercial fisheries within the coastal areas of the Nicobar Islands.

The economy of the territory is dependent on natural resources (e.g. fisheries and forestry). There has been a significant increase in the contribution of fisheries over last several years (Subba Rao in press). The increase has been the result of a marked increase in effort (Mustafa and Roy 2000). Fish landings have shown a steady increase from 1991 to 1995 of 26,000 to 27,000 metric tones. The estimated fisher population of 20,000 has an average income of Rs.3100-3800 per month.

4. Key Areas of Exploitation

• Pelagic and demersal fishing is mainly carried out around the Andaman Islands. This is highly concentrated in a few areas, increasing the severity of local impacts. The main target species in the pelagic fishery are sardines, anchovies, carangids, mackeral, mullets, pomfrets, catfishes, leiognathids, sharks and rays.
• The size of the commercial coral reef fishery has been highly variable between 1996 and 1998 ranging from 81 tonnes in 1996 to 230 tones in 1997, 1998 census estimated the catch to have dropped to 98 tones. All reports note that the fisheries catch estimates are highly variable and in many instances low in accuracy (Alagaraaja 2000). Key species include: lutjanids; lethrinids; cods; goatfishes; surgeonfishes (e.g. Naso). Hook & line and gill nets are key the key fishing gears used in the reef fishery. Deepwater snappers (genus Pristimoide) are caught using long-lines.
• Mud crab and lobsters are also key fisheries.
• The ornamental shell industry is rapidly declining and now barely supports 70 people (Mustafa & Roy 2000).
• Sea cucumbers support an important fishery, however no data is available.
• Traditional subsistence reef fishery is also fast becoming an export orientated commercial venture. Present level harvest is ~4000 tones per year (Mustafa & Roy 2000).

1. ORGANISATIONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL STATUS
1. Responsibility for Management and Support

Management and conservation of coral reefs in India are included as key activities in the National Conservation Strategy and Policy Document (1992) and the Environmental Action Plan (1993). The activities are within the responsibilities of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, G.O.I., which has been developing Action Plans to manage coral reefs for several years (Rajasuriya et al 1999). A National Committee, constituted in 1986 for the conservation and management of wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs, advises the government on policy issues related to conservation and management of these ecosystems. Within the Ministry, Additional Secretary, Dr. E.V. Muley has responsibility for coral reefs and represents India on international committees including those for GCRMN and ICRI. Within the structure of the Ministry for Environment and Forests is the Zoological Survey of India with headquarters in Kolkata and directed by Dr. J.R.B. Alfred. The ZSI plays an important role in the science and management of coral reefs especially through its Marine Biological Station in Chennai and the Andaman and Nicobar Regional Station in Port Blair.

India’s federation divided powers between the central government in Delhi and the 21 states. Whilst the legislation from the federal government is overriding, the States responsibilities with regard to conservation have been laid down under the article 48-A of the constitution which reads:

(C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre, 2000).

Theoretically, at least, the relevant states (Gujarat for Gulf of Kachchh, and Tamil Nadu for Gulf of Mannar) should have some responsibility for coral reefs. However, both Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are Union Territories governed directly from Delhi through a Chief Administrative Secretary and appropriate Secretaries for each Ministry or Department. The state level administration is thus cut out and bureaucracy seems to be less, with departments, communicating more directly.

Unfortunately, however, the Fisheries portfolio appears to be a weak section in the Ministry of Agriculture, with policies for fishery development having higher priority than management. At the federal level, liaison between Environment and Fisheries appears limited.

Also relevant is the Department of Ocean Development. Especially since 1998 they have had responsibilities for integrated coastal and marine area management (see section 3.6). Specifically they are providing GIS and data base support for coral reef management.

1. Legislation

The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 provides legislation for the establishment of protected areas and for the protection of marine species although corals were not included until this year. Only in July 2001 were Coelenterates (including all reef building corals, black coral, organ pipe coral, fire coral and sea fans) added to the schedule of potential species. Also included at this time were sharks and rays, sea horses and the giant grouper (Epinephalus lanceolatus).

Corals are included under the jurisdiction of the State Wildlife Departments only when they are within a protected area (Rajasuriya et al, 1999). The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991 under the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Act of 1986 offers the only legal protection for all coral reefs. It determines what outcomes are and are not allowed in the coastal zone. Special Category IV (CRZ-IV) specifically deals with the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and other small islands. It determines building locations and design, bans coral mining and dredging near coral reefs additional to the protection given by the more general regulations of the Act. Environmental Impact Assessment procedures have been in place since 1992 requiring public hearings for 29 categories of activities. However, at least in the areas of coral reefs the legislation or its implementation appears to have been ineffective.

2. Marine Protected Areas

1. NGOs

NGOs have and will play an extremely important role in the conservation and management of India’s coral reefs. They are less fettered with bureaucracy, can attract international funding and, most importantly are trusted by the communities living and depending on the coral reefs. The TNA team were most impressed with the high profile of the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation in Chennai. They have a coastal systems research program in which socio-economics and capacity building at the community level are important components. Whilst as yet coral reefs have not been a special focus, their program for Promotion of Alternative Livelihoods for the Poor in the Biosphere of Gulf of Mannar is a vital component in the management of the region.

Also in the Gulf of Mannar is a project sponsored by the PEPSI Corporation and centered on the Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute at Mandapam (CSMCRI). Entitled "Seaweed Cultivation Training Program for Weaker Sections of Coastal Population", the project, in the view of the TNA Team is a model for socio-economic development at the community level which could be introduced elsewhere. Four species of algae (Gracilaria edulis, Gelidiella acerosa, Hypnea sp. and Eucheuma sp.) are cultivated for both food and industrial agar at four Gulf villages. Growth is rapid with up to 15 harvests per year with yields of seaweed of 4 to 5 tonnes (dry)/ha/yr. This is sold at Rs 14,000-16,000/tonne (dry) as it is very high quality. The program is labour intensive and directly supports the local communities.

NGOs are also very active in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with at least six organisations working in the islands (Subba Rao, in press). The Andaman and Nicobar Environment Team (ANET) has been working with the UK-based NGO, Flora and Fauna International (FFI) both funding from the UK Darwin Initiative for the Survival of Species, to develop management plans for three proposed protected areas using a community participatory approach. Two of these areas, Ritchies Archipelago and Hardwick Island, contain reefs (Rajasuriya et al, 1999). Other NGOs in the area include the CPR Ayar Educational Centre in Chennai, and local organisations Parirakshak (a servicemans environmental NGO) and the Society for Andaman and Nicobar Ecology (SANE).

Less information was available for Lakshadweep and the Gulf of Kachchh. The Pykala Society on Agatti Island Lakshadweep is one of the only local officially registered NGOs and has been in operation since 1993. This society is directed by local people and participated in the GCRMN socio-economic monitoring of coral reefs in April 2001. In the Gulf of Kachchh, the Gujarat Ecological Education Foundation (GEER) appears to play a central role. Undoubtedly other NGOs are operating in this area.

2. National Coral Reef Institute

Specific to the Gulf of Mannar are:

• Need for alternate sources of income, this is partly being addressed through the development of algal culture ventures under the direction of the CSMCRI-Marine Algal Research Station in Mandapam. Discussions with a representative of the commercial trawlers revealed that given an alternate viable livelihood they would probably stop fishing.

• Middle-men are decreasing and controlling the earning potential of fisherwomen involved in the harvesting of seaweed. During a meeting with the President of one of the divisions of the Ramanathapuram District Fishery Trade Union at Rameswaram in the GoM we were told that the M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation based in Chennai had approached the Division/society to assist them in setting up a cooperative that would enable the fisherwomen to sell algae direct to processing companies, thereby significantly increasing their income.

• Conflict among user groups in particular commercial trawlers and the local fisher-folk. Lack of compliance by trawlers to the 12nm inshore limit to fishing. As a result inshore fish stocks (relied on by local fisher folk) are being severely depleted. The local trawlers state that most of the vessels (>80%) are not equipped to fish in deep water; hence they justify fishing in shallow waters close to reefs. The local fishermen also claim there is little control over the allocation of licences to trawler operators by the Department of Fisheries. Local fisher folk state that the Fisheries Department ignores their complaints re trawlers and supports the trawling industry to the detriment of local communities. Overall there is a lack of consistent enforcement of existing fisheries regulations.

• Community participation in management. All fisher-folk (algal collectors, fishermen, shell collectors, lobster & crab fishermen) expressed a strong desire to work with government through an NGO to improve the management of marine resources. They see the urgent need to reduce stresses on the reefs and are willing to participate. Initiatives now need to come from the GOI and appropriate NGO's (e.g. the M. S. Swaminathan Foundation).

• Massive over-exploitation of fishery stocks resulting in loss of some species, poaching of protected species such as dugong, over-exploitation of seaweeds, pipefishes, sea horses and sea cucumber.

• Over-exploitation of shells for the ornamental shell market. Hand collection and trawling are the two main methods used. Limited enforcement of the Wildlife Protection Act has lead to continued decline in stocks; as a result many species are very rare.

• Severe depletion of dugong and turtle populations. Turtle populations have been severely depleted through the hunting of adults and the collecting of eggs. There is a general lack of community awareness about the impacts of large-scale collection of eggs and need for management.

• Habitat degradation as a result of extensive trawling in shallow near reef waters.

• Destructive Fishing Practices are widespread as there is a general lack of resources for enforcement.

• Extensive coral mining since the early sixties. Some of the islands (Vilanguchalli and Poovarasanpatti islands) are submerged by 3-5 m potentially as a result of coral mining. It is estimated that approximately 250m³ of coral is quarried per day from GoM region, despite the practice being illegal (Rajasuriya et al. 2000).

Coral disease - white band, black band and bacterial/fungal infection possibly due to stresses mediated through sedimentation and pollution.

Chemical pollution in particular in the Tuticorin region from industrial sources. Emissions are uncontrolled and enforcement of environmental regulations is weak.

Sewage is released direct into the ocean untreated; rapid growth in coastal populations over the last decade has amplified this problem.

A potential issue is the proposal for dredging of a deep channel across Adam’s Bridge (between India and Sri Lanka). Whilst this would considerably shorten the journey around southern India and Sri Lanka it would cause significant disturbance to the environment during the dredging process and bring large vessels into close proximity to the GoM reefs.

1. Gulf of Kachchh

Although the TNA team did not visit this area information from published surveys and a detailed briefing by Dr. M. Wafar highlighted the following issues:

• Management plan in place provides no buffer zones to spatially separate conflicting uses. This is compounded by the fact that areas are about to be denotified to allow for expansion of ports and chemical industries, which will further degrade already severely damaged reefs.

• Trawling in and amongst reefs causing severe degradation of habitat and compounding the issue of sedimentation of reefs.

• Over-exploitation of shells, which has lead to extinction of many species.

• High levels of industrialization and more are planned for the region.

• Chemical pollution from a large number of industrial chemical and power production facilities.

• Untreated domestic sewage discharged directly into the ocean.

• Lack of systematic monitoring of reefs, except for occasional EIA's.

• Lack of environmental awareness and concern for the health of the reefs at the local community and within business sector.

• Shipping channels within close proximity of the reefs.

1. Lakshadweep

1. ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION FOR CORAL REEF MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

Having determined the current situation in India, this section analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for both the reefs and the management process ("SWOT" analysis) in order to identify where capacity building and associated programs are most appropriate.

1. Strengths

Status of the Reefs in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and in Lakshadweep

The two most important and diverse coral reef areas in India, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the reefs of Lakshadweep are still in reasonable condition. In part this is because of their remote offshore location. However, the visa/permit system for visitors and very strict exclusion policy for new settlers has dramatically slowed population growth in both these areas compared to elsewhere in India. The Nicobar Islands in particular are almost totally off limits. In Lakshadweep foreign tourists have access only to Bangaram, Agatti and Kadmat (plus Kalpeni and Minicoy as day visitors) and Indian nationals can access only two further islands (Andrott and Kavaratti).

There may also be advantages in both the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep being governed as Union Territories, i.e. directly from Delhi by way of a local administration. This cuts out the state level link in a congested bureaucratic system and appears to stimulate much greater interaction between departments than in other areas.

1. Key Personnel

The key people we met in both Delhi and in the field regions impressed us with their enthusiasm and dedication to coral reefs. They have both a wide range of backgrounds as a group and an array of experience in coastal and marine areas which we see as a strength as long as they can remain focused on coral reefs in their future careers.

2. The Role of NGOs

NGOs have and will play an extremely important role in the conservation and management of India’s coral reefs. The TNA team endorse the recommendation of Rajasuriya et al (1998) "to strengthen the relationships between government research bodies and NGO groups, especially local ones. Relevant skills such as Scuba diving and taxonomy, and motivation for coral reef work do exist to some degree in the NGO sectors. Yet mechanisms to facilitate the integration of NGO capacity into national level programs do not always exist

3. The Role of International Agencies

1. GIS and Remote Sensing

1. Perceived Weaknesses
1. Approach to Management

Whilst states may have individual legislation in place for protected areas, it is the central government legislation that is dominant. Environmental, social, cultural and economic heterogeneity were particularly prominent in the three regions we visited and would be added to by the Gulf of Kachchh. These differences do not appear to be catered for in the major legislation that affects coral reefs i.e., Coastal Regulation Zone Notification (1991), Wildlife Protection Act (1972), Environmental Protection Act (1986). In particular multiple use of MPAs is not formally recognised.

Although five marine protected areas exist in India (see section 3), their management is weak especially those adjacent to the subcontinent where impacts from human use and industrial development are high. Environmental Impact Assessment involving the collection of data and formulation of environmental management plans is mandatory under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, for 29 categories of development activities involving investment beyond certain thresholds (CPR Environmental Education Centre, 2000), but the law is only rarely applied (Venkataraman and Alfred, 2001)

Ad hoc responses to specific pressures are also not contributing to a cohesive protection policy. For example, 52 species of shells are protected but the process for their nomination appears vague. Capture of sharks is now banned, but nothing is in place to deal with the accidental catch in nets or on long lines resulting in resentment from fishers who believe their livelihoods are endangered.

It is notable that whilst the collection and trade of corals is strictly prohibited under the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991, corals have been specifically listed under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 only during 2001 (Venkataraman and Alfred, 2001).

2. Implementation

Implementation of both the legislation and existing management plans is very limited. There appears to be only limited integration within and between Departments and Ministries (e.g. Environment which is linked to Forests, and Fisheries which is linked to Agriculture).

At the regional level, a problem which is common to many nations that are only just commencing protection of the marine environment is the lack of marine knowledge of the managers who come from terrestrial conservation backgrounds. The problem is compounded by the mobility of officers at the middle management level in particular. Many are moved on just as they are becoming familiar with the needs of marine and coastal areas (see 5.2.7).

A problem that was highlighted in several of the areas visited by the TNA team was the lack of response by management agencies to requests and complaints from stakeholders.

3. Limitations of Data

1. Limited Surveillance

The Dept. of Environment and Forestry wardens, the National Coastguard, and the armed services who are equipped with large vessels, undertake surveillance.

However, concentration appears to be on poaching by overseas fishermen and policing of regulations regarding banned species. Reef level surveillance is limited to small boat operations, for example, at fish landings. Many regulations do not appear to be enforced. Specific concern by local fishing communities was the non-compliance of Indian trawlers to the 12m near shore limit to trawling.

2. Lack of Equipment

Security and high cost of equipment such as diving gear is severely hampering all aspects of coral reef management, from scientific survey and monitoring to surveillance and day to day management. Specific examples were:

Dr. M. Wafar, Director Institute of Oceanography, Goa, has a community level water quality program in place but lack of funds for equipment is preventing its implementation. Dr. Wafar has also instigated a SCUBA and underwater census training program in Lakshadweep, however, this excellent initiative has been hampered by limited long term commitment by local people and limited funds to establish repeat training programs. Immediate additional financial and logistic support for this program is essential.

In Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Zoological Survey of India scientists do not have a boat for fieldwork. This is the likely site for the new National Coral Reef Institute.

3. Field Training

The field training especially in diving, given by the international agencies such as GCRMN has been of high value but the number of individuals given this training is limited to a handful in each coral reef region. Further training is needed (see section 5.2.5).

4. Mobility of Officers

1. Opportunities
1. National Coral Reef Institute

There is a great opportunity for the new National Coral Reef Institute to take a leading role in coral reef research and management, not only in India but also within the Asian region. It can only focus these efforts as long as it is recognised as a national, not local, institution. It will act as India’s key player in the international coral reef network and help focus international attention on India’s much-neglected reefs.

2. Alternative Use of Coral Reef and Associated Resources

Socio-economic conditions cannot be divorced from environmental protection in any of the 4 coral reef regions of India. Many people depend on what in many areas are declining reef or immediate off reef resources for their livelihoods. Even a flexible multi-use system of marine protected areas will, in the first instance, reduce access to these resources. This will be the perception of the local populations. Stakeholder participation in the conservation process is strongly recommended. There is also the opportunity for the development of alternative sustainable economic activities. A number of those raised in discussion at the sites visited are listed below. For any to be successful low technology training at the village level will be urgently needed. In many, especially those associated with sustainable fishing, there will be a need for basic infrastructure development.

Aquaculture. Interest was shown in both the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and in Lakshadweep in the farming of giant clams (Tridacna and Hippopus spp), holothurians and the top shells Trocus maculatus and Tectus niloticus. Australian expertise is available in these areas and has been utilised elsewhere in Asia and the Pacific.

Pearl oyster culture. Again, Australian expertise could be used to cultivate the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Some interest was shown in the Andaman Islands.

Aquarium fish trade. At the present time the aquarium fish trade in India appears to be completely underdeveloped (Sakthivel, 2001). Development of an industry within the strict guidelines of the Marine Aquarium Council would appear to be a viable option. Even in the depleted reefs of the Gulf of Mannar some 128 species of ornamental fish were recorded in 1998/99 (Dept. of Ocean Development, 2001).

Live fish trade. The threat of a live fish trade in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (section 4.5) could be averted by the introduction of a sustainable cage fish rearing program. Some interest was shown in Port Blair by the Secretary for Fisheries. As an indication of potential economic returns, the recent experiments in the live fish trade involved local fishermen hooking target species, for which they were paid Rs50 per kg. A regulated industry would bring in much greater returns.

Algal culture. Programs such as that operating in the Gulf of Mannar (Section 3.8) could be implemented in other reef areas.

Game fishing. Given the importance of the game fishing industry off Phuket in Thailand, only 600km from the Andaman Islands, and the possible extension of the tourism industry as Port Blair airport is opened up to international flights in 2002, research into the development of a catch and release fishery would appear warranted. No information on possible target species was available but as an extension of the Indonesian tectonic island arc, offshore upwelling and aggregation of some game fish species such as marlin and sailfish would seem possible.

Pelagic fisheries. Pelagic fisheries are already resourced but potential for further sustainable development is possible in both Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Problems arise from poaching by overseas fishers and increasing pressures from Indian mainland fishers. There is great need for technical management of the resource, especially the determination of sustainable yields. There is also a strong need for gear regulation. At present there are no restrictions placed on mesh size or net dimensions. However, to fully realise the potential for the local island populations some investment in infrastructure is required. The ability to preserve the fish catch on the remote islands is at present completely inadequate. Traditionally in Lakshadweep tuna has been salted and smoked as "mas". Drying both here and in the Andamans is made difficult due to the wet climate. A canning factory currently operates (with an unreliable supply of tuna) on Minicoy in the south of Lakshadweep. An ice factory on Agatti presently produces only 2-3t per day though the Fisheries Development Corporation is currently building a high capacity cold store facility, as part of a joint venture with a Japanese commercial fishing company. Some export of high quality tuna to Japan is already underway. Shortage of ice in the Andaman Islands was also noted as a problem for fisheries development. Only one government and one private ice factory exists, producing only 15t per day, insufficient for local needs. For the pelagic fishery to produce an alternative income source, some Government investment is needed in the Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

3. Building on Existing Ad hoc Protection Measures

Whilst legislation in place to protect India’s coral reefs appears rigid and inadaptable (see section 3.2) in both Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands regulations brought in for other purposes appear to provide for at least a rudimentary though non-formalised multiple use zoning system. Firstly, both areas are isolated and permits are required (except in the Andamans) for even Indian nationals to visit. Population growth is thus slow in relative Indian terms and visitation regulated.

Effectively the Andaman and Nicobars are treated differently with almost no access to the Nicobars which are populated mainly by the original tribal peoples (some 26,770 mostly Nicobarese on only 12 islands in 1991). The reefs of these islands are under only limited local pressures. In the Andaman Islands only 24 are inhabited (there are more than 350 islands in total). There are 106 conservation areas in the islands, but only 2 are marine (see section 3.3). Tourism, both existing and planned is tightly controlled and limited to only a few islands.

The regulation of activities is even greater in Lakshadweep, especially in relation to tourism. Of the 35 islands of the group all 11 of which are capable of being inhabited are occupied. Foreigners can only stay on Bangaram, Agatti and Kadmat Islands and make day visits to Kalpeni and Minicoy. Indian nationals can also visit Andrott and Kavaratti.

This island by island or reef by reef definition of activities is a partial zoning at an appropriate scale (administratively and ecologically) for multiple use management and if this approach to the conservation and management of India’s coral reefs were adopted would provide an appropriate starting point. Integration of existing measures is needed.

4. Current Momentum

As outlined in previous sections significant advances have been made in the understanding and appreciation of India’s coral reefs since the original scoping for this project in 1998. A number of international projects have built on existing Indian expertise and there is now a core body of knowledgeable and enthusiastic people in key positions. The important establishment of the National Coral Reef Institute evidences the momentum gained. There is the opportunity to continue this momentum to new and higher levels through continued G.O.I, support and international co-operation through continued phases of major programs such as those of UNDP/GEF and GCRMN and further capacity building as provided in this project.

2. Threats to Successful Management
1. Lack of Integrated Approach

The issues outlined in Section 4 and weaknesses identified in Section 5.2 are numerous and cross a wide range of legislations, government departments and disciplines. A successful program to manage India’s coral reefs will only take place if there is full co-operation between agencies and adoption of the principles of integrated coastal zone management, acknowledging the threats originating both landwards and seawards of the reefs

2. Lack of Stakeholder Participation

There is no tradition of stakeholder participation in the decision making processes in India. The problems of the reefs result largely from population pressures and full community support for any conservation measures will be needed for them to be successful.

3. Socio-economic Development

Present conservation legislation takes no account of the socio-economic value of coral reefs to local communities. Unless alternate marine sources are developed community support for management may not exist.

4. Time Constraints

Many of the problems, especially in the Gulf of Kachchh and Gulf of Mannar are serious and any delays in implementing management processes may result in the reefs of these areas passing threshholds over which they will find it difficult to recover. Threats from tourism and the live fish trade in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are immediate and require prompt action. A major threat is that awareness at the highest decision making levels (politicians) may not be present and the political will to act quickly may not be there.

5. Pressures from Outside the Reef Regions

Increasing pressures are coming from users of reef and reef related resources who come from outside the region. In all areas incursions of foreign fishermen, or fishers from ports remote from the reefs (e.g. the mainland in the examples of Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) are producing new problems. Control and management of these activities may be difficult.

6. NGOs

Although the NGOs can play a pivotal role in India’s coral reef management, as noted by Rajasuriya et al (1999) NGOs have traditionally acted independently of national programs and often take opposing views to the government’s efforts to balance development and solve problems of coastal communities. Constructive relationships between the two sectors are needed, as part of the integrated approach.

7. National Coral Reef Institute

1. SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF CORAL REEFS
1. Introduction

The analysis of coral reef management given in Section 5 has identified a number of areas in which action could be taken to improve both the policy foundations for management and the implementation of these policies. Recommendations have been embodied within this report but the TNA team believe that the following recommendations need special highlighting

2. National Coral Reef Institute (NCRI)

The formation of a NCRI that focuses purely on research and management of coral reefs is paramount. The decision of the GOI to locate the Institute in Port Blair, Andaman Islands is also strongly supported. In order to maximise the national and international success of the institute it is recommended that it be an autonomous institute. This will enhance its' capacity to attract international funding and host international collaborative research programs. The physical location combined with autonomous management will increase the capacity of the Institute to be a regional leader in coral reef ecology and tropical reef fisheries biology.

3. Formalized Institutional Links

There is a need for formalized avenues of communication and cross reporting among agencies involved in coral reef research and management. In many areas extremely good informal personal links currently exist, however, these are tenuous as they depend on specific individuals holding current positions. Suggested mechanisms for enhancing institutional linkages:

Annual compulsory seminar series/conferences
Formalized collaborative research and management programs
Inter-agency transfers of key personnel on a rotational basis

4. Development of a Management Arm in the Department of Fisheries

Currently the focus of the Department of Fisheries is development and support of fisheries within its' jurisdiction. This function is appropriate and needs to be continued. Fisheries throughout India are on the decline, however, and this has been acknowledged by the GOI. The creation of a Fisheries Management Division within the Department of Fisheries would provide a focus for much needed research on stock assessment, modeling and the establishment of sustainable quotas for individual fisheries (fin fish, lobster, mud crab, prawns). This would provide GOI with vital tools for improved sustainable management of India's' marine resources.

5. Development of a Division of Marine Rangers under the Chief Wild Life Warden

Currently rangers involved with the surveillance and day-to-day management of existing marine parks have training principally in the management of terrestrial parks. Management of marine environments requires a very different framework. It is also recommended that rangers once trained in management of marine parks retain those positions to enable further training of junior staff for minimum of 5 years.

2. AREAS IDENTIFIED FOR CAPACITY BUILDING
1. Rationale

1. Practical Field Training

Only a very small pool of personnel trained in SCUBSA and underwater survey techniques exists in India in spite of the 1999-2000 GCRMN related training programs. Much greater capacity is needed if effective monitoring of all India’s coral reef regions is to be accomplished. Specific training is also required (this was highlighted during visit to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands) in the designing and implementation of surveys of seagrasses, dugong and turtles. Specific interest was also expressed in the community based Seagrass Watch Program operating in Australia. Many of those who are technically competent are in senior science positions and routine monitoring is wasteful of their expertise in other areas such as taxonomy. There are two constraints to building capacity. First any dive courses given by commercial enterprises in India, such as tourist resorts, are expremely expensive. Second, the cost of equipment also appears to be proportionately higher than elsewhere. Any capacity building program would need to take account of these constraints but the provision of more trained divers is essential to the management of India’s coral reefs.

2. Technical Training for Development of Alternative Activities

As strongly advocated by Rubens (1999) any program that addresses coral reef management in India and South Asia must also address the problems of resource management and sustainable livelihood development. The information available suggests that the reef resources of both the Gulf of Kachchh and the Gulf of Mannar are already severely depleted and there is potential for the reefs of Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to be significantly impacted in the near future. Offshore pelagic fisheries (e.g. mackeral, belonids, carangids) are already utilised as alternative livelihoods but little is known about the sustainable yields of the tuna and related fisheries. Indeed, there is conflicting data even on the size of the current catch.

The technical training must be at the appropriate level adapted to the low technology of coastal communities and utilize the large unskilled labor pool available. The algal culture program operating at Mandapam in the Gulf of Mannar is a good example of the level and type of program required (section 3.8), and could be extended to other areas.

Feasibility studies for technical training in the following areas (and others which may be identified later) are strongly recommended.

• Fisheries stock assessment and management: Training in fisheries stock assessment techniques, identification of critical fisheries habitat and implementation of appropriate management controls is urgently needed for both reef and nearby pelagic and demersal fisheries. Linked to any management would have to be the infrastructure developments outlined in section 5.3.2.

• Giant clam aquaculture: The farming of giant clams would appear to be a viable activity given the success of ACIAR programs carried out in South-east Asia and the Pacific by Australian experts in the 1980s and 1990s

• Top shell aquaculture: There is a growing market for Trochus sp. and related products. Indian reefs are currently over-exploited but would appear to provide suitable environment for a culture industry

• Sea Cucumber aquaculture: Sea cucumber populations have been severely depleted particularly in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and GoM. Strong interest was expressed in developing a reseeding program, to rebuild natural populations and determine sustainable harvesting levels. Technological expertise for this area is available in Japan, Australia and New Caledonia.

• Pearl oyster culture: Interest was expressed in the industry in which India appears to have no tradition or expertise. Again, Australian technology is available

Aquarium fish trade: This industry is poorly developed in India, has a great potential but needs to be developed as a sustainable activity following the guideline developed by the Marine Aquarium Council (for MAC certification system to be launched 27th November 2001 contact: David.Vosseler@aquariumcouncil.org)

• Live fish cage culture: The potential for the destructive fishing practices of the live fish trade that have devastated the reefs of Southeast Asia have the potential to hit India in the very near future, especially in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The value of the industry is high and if diverted to the cage culture of fish, organised to minimize the impact of middlemen and developed with overseas technical assistance could be of immense benefit to local communities and divert the pressures away from the wild fishery. Attempts have already been made in the Andaman Islands but were thwarted by problems of disease (up to 60% mortality of caged fish). Technical assistance is urgently needed.

• Game fishing: The potential for this was outlined in Section 5.3.2. Initial assessments are required and if a sail and billfish fishery is present (off the Andaman Islands specifically) then capacity building for this section of tourist industry would appear warranted.

• Algal culture: The success of the PEPSI sponsored algal culture program, producing agar for industry that was seen at Mandapam in the Gulf of Mannar (section 3.8.) warrants extension of this or similar programs to other coral reef areas. Appropriate management of any further algal culture sites is essential to minimise or avoid any impacts on adjacent coral reef areas.

1. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRAINING COURSE STRUCTURE AND PARTICIPATION
1. Input from Indian Colleagues

Discussions about the content, structure and participation in the training course were held with many of the government officials, managers and scientists during the visit to India. As a result a detailed course schedule was formulated which is attached as Appendix D. This schedule was finalized after discussions with Drs. Muley and Wafar, and is a modification of that given in the original 1998 Project document. It more directly addresses the perceived needs based on the discussions, and on the observations of the TNA team whilst visiting the three sites.

2. Course Structure

In the original 1998 training course there was a broad approach to marine protected area management. Given that the whole course lasts only 3 weeks a more targeted approach is thought necessary. In particular some of the advances made by India over the last 3 years made detailed treatment of some topics superfluous. India is currently the lead nation in the Indian Ocean for training in GIS and data base management. Most participants will be familiar with basic biophysical monitoring through the GCRMN training. The present legislation status of Environmental Impact Assessment is such that for this area to be covered adequately a considerable amount of time would be required. Instead only the concepts need be introduced and more appropriate tools of management given greater emphasis.

The recommended structure has three basic elements:

1. Special needs of marine area management and alternative approaches to marine protected areas, emphasizing flexibility and multiple use.
2. Tools which can be used for MPA management
• Socio-economic analysis and use of economic tools
• Public participation in the management process
• Education and communication
• Fisheries assessment and management
3. Day to Day Management Processes

• Use of biophysical, socio-economic and management monitoring (emphasis on uses rather than techniques).
• Surveillance techniques

The course is designed so that mornings are more formal (but still participatory) presentations by expert lecturers. Afternoons are largely full participatory workshops, including those which contribute to the case studies.

Field visits are an integral part of the course and will illustrate and supplement the lectures. For example, the management of tourism will be addressed entirely in the field, whilst issues such as catchment management (an integrated approach to coastal management will be emphasized), surveillance techniques, educational tools and day to day management will be given a hands-on approach. It has been suggested that subtropical Moreton Bay be the site for a week long field course within the workshop. This is considered inappropriate as it will be separate from the main course and those giving it and having seen the Indian locations does not share any of the environmental criteria of fully tropical Indian locations.

The case studies are also an integral part and after discussions in India, enthusiasm was expressed for the production of 25-Year Strategic Plans for each of the four main coral reef areas. It was pointed out that these would be the result of a training exercise only, but it was suggested that they could become the basis for real world management. The participants will be working in groups of three or four according to their region of origin and background. Reporting skills will be developed during these case studies. It is strongly recommended that as much resource material as possible be brought to Australia by participants.

A full set of lecture notes and background reading will be provided. Some preparatory material could be sent to participants in India before they depart. Dr. E.V. Muley and Dr. J.R.B. Alfred require copies of this material to aid in the preparations for further courses in India.

1. National (Delhi)

i)	Min of Environ & Forests, GOI		Annual Report 2000/2001	212pp
ii)	Min of Environ & Forests, GOI		Funding Schemes of Min of Environ & Forests Jan 2000	80pp
iii)	Min of Environ & Forests, GOI		Natl Conservation Strategy & Policy Statement Environment & Development June 1992
		Addendum	Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991	3pp
iv)	Min of Environ & Forests, GOI		Natl Policy & Macrolevel Action Strategy on Biodiversity 1999	74pp
v)	Zool. Survey India		Venkataraman K & Alfred JRB (no date) Coral Reef Ecosystems in India	34pp +maps
vi)	Zool. Survey India		ZSI Coral Reef Studies from 1998	6pp
vii)	Zool. Survey India (with Env. & Forests)		ZSI, 75yrs of Service to the Nation, Platinum Jubilee 1916-1991	30pp
viii)	Dept Ocean Development GOI		Jan 2001. Activities of Integrated Coastal & Marine Area Management Project Directorate	5pp
ix)	Muley, E.V., Venkataraman K., Alfred, JRB & Wafar MVM	In press	Status of Coral Reefs of India (Bali Proceedings)	8pp

 

2. Chennai

i)	Inst for Ocean Management, Anna Univ Chennai	Leaflet
ii)	ZSI Marine Biological Sta., Marine Aquarium	Leaflet	11th Annual Report
iii)	MS Swaminathan Res Foundation, 200-2001,		C. for Res on Sust. Agri & Rural Devel, Chennai	182pp
iv)	A Social Vision for Science		The History of the MS Swaminathan Res. Found. (1999-2000)	22pp + diags
v)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests		Annual Report 10 Yrs of Environ Education	84pp
vi)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests		Environmental Laws of India	76pp
vii)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests		Indian J. of Environ Education Vol (2)	4 articles
viii)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests		Ecozones of India	7pp
ix)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests		Environ Education : A Teachers Kit – notes and posters
x)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests	7pp leaflet	Life Under Water
xi)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests	11pp leaflet	Medicinal Plants
xii)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests		2 booklets for Schools on marine/coastal issues in Hindi
xiii)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests		Posters The Coral Reef The Mangrove Ecosystem
xiv)	The CP Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation (autonomous C. of Excel. Of Min Environ & Forests	Leaflet	3Rs of conservation
xv)	CPR Environmental Educ C.	4pp leaflet	1989-1999 A Decade of Environ Educ
xvi)	CPR Environmental Educ C.		Activities	6pp

 

3. Gulf of Mannar

i)	Dept of Ocean Development GOI, Integrated Coastal & Marine Area Management Project Directorate, Chennai, April 2001		Resources Information System for Gulf of Mannar (India)	87pp
ii)	Central Marine fisheries Research Inst. Cochin. Indian Council of Agri Research.		April 1977 Report on the Survey of the Islands of Gulf of Mannar by CMFRI for the setting up of a marine national park	33pp
iii)	The Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve	Leaflet	Conserve Marine Living Resources Tamil Nadu Forest Dept. 1999-2000
iv)	Venkataraman K.	(in press)	Coral reefs following the 1998 bleaching event, with implications for reserve management	6pp Bali Proc.
v)	Tamil Nadu Forest Dept.	Poster	Marine Biosphere Reserve
vi)	Central Salt & Marine Chemists Institute, Marine Algal Research Sta. Mandapam Camp	Leaflet   Leaflet	Research & Development on Seaweeds Seaweed Cultivation Training Program for Weaker Sections of Coastal Population
vii)	Suganthi DevadasonMarine Research Institute	Proceedings/ Abstracts	Gulf of Mannar Marine Biosphere Reserve:Reef and its Resources – participatory approach for conservation and sustainable utilization

 

4. Andaman and Nicobars

i)	CPR Env. Ed. C. Chennai : Environmental Education		Needs of the A+N Is’s. Proc. Of the Conf. Held at Port Blair March 1997 ed. by Javanthi Prabhakaran	15pp
ii)	Dept. of Tourism Brochures – The Emerald Isles	Set of pamphlets
iii)	Geol. Survey of India	Leaflet	Geoscientific Exploration in Andaman Waters

 

5. Lakshadweep

i)

Integr. Coastal + Marine Area Management Project Directorate Chennai July 2001

Critical Habitat Information System of Kadmat Island – Lakshadweep

30pp

 

6. Other